Abstract

The emergence and spread of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pose a critical threat to public health and clinical outcomes worldwide. This paper explores molecular determinants and genomic approaches for tracking AMR, including resistance genes, plasmids, mutations, and mobile genetic elements. By integrating whole-genome sequencing, PCR-based detection, and bioinformatic analyses, researchers can precisely identify resistance mechanisms, monitor epidemiological patterns, and guide targeted therapeutic interventions. Advancing molecular and genomic surveillance enhances precision medicine, informs antibiotic stewardship, and strengthens public health strategies to mitigate the global burden of resistant infections.